Backup Operators

Overview

The Backup Operators group is a built-in group in Windows that grants members the ability to back up and restore files, even if they do not have permission to access the files under normal circumstances. This privilege makes the group particularly powerful for potential abuse in privilege escalation scenarios, as Backup Operators can access sensitive files like the SAM (Security Account Manager) database and system files, which can lead to gaining higher-level access or even SYSTEM privileges.

Key Privileges of Backup Operators

Members of the Backup Operators group have two key privileges:

SeBackupPrivilege:
- Allows users to bypass file system permissions to back up files. This means a Backup Operator can read files that they normally do not have permissions to access.
SeRestorePrivilege:
- Allows users to restore files to any location on the file system, including protected or sensitive locations. This also allows modifying files that would otherwise be restricted.

Exploiting the Backup Operators Group for Privilege Escalation

Backup and Extract the SAM Database

One of the primary ways to exploit Backup Operators is by accessing and extracting the SAM (Security Account Manager) database. The SAM database contains password hashes for local user accounts, including Administrator and SYSTEM.

Steps to Exploit:

Backup the SAM, SYSTEM, and SECURITY Hives:
Use the reg save command to back up these registry hives, which contain critical security information (including password hashes).
```
reg save hklm\sam c:\temp\sam
reg save hklm\system c:\temp\system
reg save hklm\security c:\temp\security
```
The reg save command can be used because Backup Operators have the privilege to read files they normally wouldn't have access to.
Extract Password Hashes Using Tools:
Once you've backed up the hives, you can copy them to your attacker machine and use tools like mimikatz or John the Ripper to extract password hashes from the SAM and crack them.
Example using mimikatz:
```
sekurlsa::samdump::local c:\temp\sam c:\temp\system
```
or from linux
Using secretsdump.py:
```
dollarboysushil@kali$ secretsdump.py -ntds ntds.dit -system system.back LOCAL
```
Crack the Hashes or Use Pass-the-Hash:
If the hashes are crackable, you can attempt to crack them and log in with a privileged account. Alternatively, you can use the pass-the-hash technique to impersonate a privileged user (e.g., Administrator) without knowing the password.

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Backup and Extract the SAM Database

Steps to Exploit:

Backup the SAM, SYSTEM, and SECURITY Hives:

Use the reg save command to back up these registry hives, which contain critical security information (including password hashes).

reg save hklm\sam c:\temp\sam
reg save hklm\system c:\temp\system
reg save hklm\security c:\temp\security

The reg save command can be used because Backup Operators have the privilege to read files they normally wouldn't have access to.

Extract Password Hashes Using Tools:

Once you've backed up the hives, you can copy them to your attacker machine and use tools like mimikatz or John the Ripper to extract password hashes from the SAM and crack them.

Example using mimikatz:

sekurlsa::samdump::local c:\temp\sam c:\temp\system

or from linux

Using secretsdump.py:

dollarboysushil@kali$ secretsdump.py -ntds ntds.dit -system system.back LOCAL

Crack the Hashes or Use Pass-the-Hash:

If the hashes are crackable, you can attempt to crack them and log in with a privileged account. Alternatively, you can use the pass-the-hash technique to impersonate a privileged user (e.g., Administrator) without knowing the password.